Band ligation is a medical procedure commonly used to treat internal hemorrhoids, which are swollen blood vessels located in the rectum or anus. During band ligation, a special instrument called a ligator is inserted into the rectum, and a small rubber band is placed around the base of the hemorrhoid. This cuts off the blood supply to the hemorrhoid, causing it to shrink and eventually fall off within a few days.

The procedure is typically performed in a doctor's office or outpatient setting and does not usually require anesthesia. Band ligation is considered a minimally invasive treatment option for hemorrhoids and is associated with minimal discomfort and a relatively quick recovery time. It is effective for treating symptomatic internal hemorrhoids that do not respond to conservative treatments such as dietary changes, stool softeners, or topical medications. However, it may not be suitable for all cases of hemorrhoids, and your doctor will determine whether band ligation is the appropriate treatment option for you based on your individual circumstances.